John Snow, author of Snow on Cholera: Answer
was the father of modern biostatistics.
established postulates for transmission of infectious disease.
was an early epidemiologist who used natural experiments.
argued that the environment was associated with diseases such as malaria. Which of the following is not usually an aim of epidemiology? Answer
To describe the health status of the population
To fund new public health programs
To explain the etiology of disease
To predict the occurrence of disease
To control the distribution of disease Which of the following activities characterizes a clinical approach (as opposed to an epidemiologic approach)? Answer
Description of specific signs and symptoms in a patient
Description of seasonal trends in disease occurrence
Examination of disease occurrence among population groups
Demonstration of geographic variations in disease frequency
Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect: Answer
seasonal variations in cases of influenza.
the fact that influenza is a disappearing disorder.
long-term changes in mortality trends.
both A and B The Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) is responsible for (give the best answer): Answer
tracking down unusual disease outbreaks in the United States and foreign countries.
collecting routine epidemiologic data for local health departments.
printing epidemiologic reports for members of the community.
reporting suspicious bioterrorism agents to governmental agencies. Which of the following activities characterizes an epidemiologic approach (as opposed to a clinical approach)? Answer
Description of a single individual’s symptoms
Surveillance of a population
Treatment of a patient with diagnosed illness
A and C Indicate the level of prevention that is represented by pasteurization of milk Answer
Primary Prevention Active
Primary Prevention Passive
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention According to the natural history of disease model, the time before the precursors of disease and the host interact is called the period of: Answer
Prepathogenesis
Pathogenesis
Primogenesis
Postgenesis
Indicate the level of prevention that is represented by immunization against rubella Answer
Primary Prevention Active
Primary Prevention Passive
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention Indicate the level of prevention that is represented by screening for breast cancer Answer
Primary Prevention Active
Primary Prevention Passive
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
Indicate the level of prevention that is represented by nutritional counseling for pregnant women Answer
Primary Prevention Active
Primary Prevention Passive
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention Using epidemiology for operational research involves: Answer
study of community health services
study of risks to the individual
study of disease syndromes
study of disease symptoms Estimating the frequency of exposure. Is this a use for incidence or prevalence data? Answer
This is a use primarily for incidence data.
This is a use primarily for prevalence data.
This application could apply equally for both incidence and prevalence data.
This is a use for neither incidence data nor prevalence data. An epidemiologic survey of roller-skating injuries in Metroville, a city with a population of 100,000 (during the midpoint of the year), produced the following data for a particular year:
Number of skaters in Metroville during any given month 12,000 Roller-skating injuries in Metroville 600 Total number of residents injured from roller-skating 1,800 Total number of deaths from roller-skating 90 Total number of deaths from all causes 900
The cause-specific mortality rate from roller-skating was: Answer
90/600 × 100,000
90/100,000 × 100,000
90/1,800 × 100,000
90/900 × 100,000
The incidence of a disease is five times greater in men than in women, but the prevalence shows no sex difference. The most likely explanation is that: Answer
the mortality rate is greater in women.
the case fatality rate is greater in women.
the duration of the disease is greater in women.
women receive less adequate medical care for the disease.
Beach City has a rising population of 500,000 robust, fertile males and 450,000 robust, fertile females. If there were 4,000 live births, 3 fetal deaths, and 40 maternal deaths, what is the crude birth rate? Answer
4,000/500,000 × 1,000
4,000/450,000 × 1,000
4,000/950,000 × 1,000
4,
003/950,000 × 1,000
003/950,000 × 1,000
3,997/950,000 × 1,000 To express the burden or extent of some condition or attribute in a population. Is this a use for incidence or prevalence data? Answer
This is a use primarily for incidence data.
This is a use primarily for prevalence data.
This application could apply equally for both incidence and prevalence data.
This is a use for neither incidence data nor prevalence data. Determining workload and planning the scope of facilities and manpower needs, particularly for chronic disease. Is this a use for incidence or prevalence data? Answer
This is a use primarily for incidence data.
This is a use primarily for prevalence data.
This application could apply equally for both incidence and prevalence data.
This is a use for neither incidence data nor prevalence data. An epidemiologic survey of roller-skating injuries in Metroville, a city with a population of 100,000 (during the midpoint of the year), produced the following data for a particular year:
Number of skaters in Metroville during any given month 12,000 Roller-skating injuries in Metroville 600 Total number of residents injured from roller-skating 1,800 Total number of deaths from roller-skating 90 Total number of deaths from all causes 900
The proportional mortality ratio (%) due to roller-skating was: Answer
90/600 × 100
90/100,000 × 100
90/1,800 × 100
90/900 × 100 Blood pressure measurements on adult males 30-39 years of age were obtained in a survey of a representative sample of Twin Cities households. To compare the frequency of hypertension in the white and non-white population surveyed, the most appropriate measure is the: Answer
incidence rate
prevalence
race-specific incidence rate
race-specific prevalence
race-specific age-adjusted prevalence Age-specific and age-adjusted mortality rates by sex in the United States generally show the following sex differences: Answer
Rates for males are higher than rates for females from birth to age 85 and older.
Rates for females are higher than rates for males from birth to age 85 and older.
Rates for males are higher than rates for females from age 6 to age 85 and older.
Rates for males are equal to rates for females during the first 5 years of life. Descriptive epidemiology has the following characteristics (Choose the incorrect option): Answer
provides the basis for planning and evaluation of health services.
allows causal inference from descriptive data.
allows comparisons by age, sex, and race.
uses case reports, case series, and cross-sectional studies.
identifies problems to be studied by analytic methods. Which of Mill’s four canons suggests that there is an association between frequency of disease and the potency of a causative factor? Answer
Difference
Agreement
Concomitant variation
Residues
Lung cancer mortality among women is increasing faster than among men. What factor(s) would most likely account for this increased cancer rate? Answer
Younger women are smoking more.
Older women are smoking more.
Women are smoking less.
Men are smoking more The use of GIS may be thought of as following the heritage of: Answer
Hippocrates
Graunt
Snow
Koch
Semmelweis Reasons for gender differences in mortality may include: Answer
greater risk taking by women
greater frequency of smoking among men
higher prevalence of coronary-prone behavior among women
less frequency of smoking among men
A null hypothesis is most similar to which of the following? Answer
Positive declaration
Negative declaration
Implicit question
Explicit question According to classic studies, age-standardized morbidity rates in the United States for acute conditions, chronic conditions, and disability due to acute conditions show the following sex differences: Answer
Rates for males are higher than rates for females.
Rates for females are higher than rates for males.
Rates for males are equal to the rates for females.
Females have higher rates of hearing impairment than males.
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